英语翻译The three levels of management-top management,middle management,and supervisory or first-line management-each have different information requirements.The lower the level of management,the more specialized its needs will be.And the higher

英语翻译The three levels of management-top management,middle management,and supervisory or first-line management-each have different information requirements.The lower the level of management,the more specialized its needs will be.And the higher
英语翻译
The three levels of management-top management,middle management,and supervisory or first-line management-each have different information requirements.The lower the level of management,the more specialized its needs will be.And the higher the level of management,the more general will be the information required for decision making.A good top manager is a facilitator,a manager who makes other managers’ jobs easier by providing the tools and information they need to do their jobs.They all,however,require information from each of the functional areas in order to make intelligent decisions
Sources of Data
Much of the data a film requires comes from internal sources like the functional divisions.Other data originates outside the firm.Internal data sources provide past and present data that managers can use as a basis for making predictions about the future.Company records,customer records,employment data,reports,conference minutes,memoranda,and the like supply the bulk of the data in a firm’s information system.
The external sources of data are almost limitless.Today’s manager needs to be well informed,which means keeping up with newspapers,radio,television,journals,and the like.General business publications,such as the wall street journal,Fortune,Business week,and Forbes,often contain necessary information on industry and competitive conditions.Most important,industry-specific publications,often referred to as trade journals,are must reading.For example,athletic administrators might be expected to read athletic administration,athletic journal,and interscholastic athletic administration.General media usually provide low-cost sources of data.Free sources tend to be the informal ones,like customers,bankers,suppliers,and friends.High-priced sources might include market research provided by outside consultants.Managers can also access valuable information-newspaper stories,financial data,and industry surveys-with their PCs by subscribing to electronic news services.Subscriptions to these services can be fairly expensive,however,and some users find the very specific instructions needed to call up the information they want difficult.

英语翻译The three levels of management-top management,middle management,and supervisory or first-line management-each have different information requirements.The lower the level of management,the more specialized its needs will be.And the higher
这三个层次的管理,高层管理人员,中层管理人员,和监督或第一线管理,各具有不同的信息需求.较低的管理水平,更加专业化的需要将.和较高的管理水平,更一般的将所需的信息决策.一个好的管理者是一个主持人经理谁使其他管理人员的工作提供方便的工具和信息,他们现在需要做的工作.他们都不过,需要的信息从每个职能领域,以作出明智的决定
数据来源
大部分数据电影需要来自内部的消息来源,如职能部门.其他数据来源于境外的公司.内部数据源提供过去和现在的数据,管理人员可以使用,以此为基础作出的预测未来.公司记录,客户记录,就业数据,报告,会议记录,备忘录等供应了大量的数据在一个公司的信息系统.
外部来源的数据几乎是无限的.今天的经理人需要充分了解,这意味着跟上报纸,广播,电视,报刊等.一般的商业刊物,如华尔街日报,财富,商业周刊,和福布斯,通常包含必要的信息产业和有竞争力的条件.最重要的是,针对特定行业的出版物,通常被称为贸易刊物,是必须读.例如,运动可以预料管理员阅读体育行政,体育杂志和校际体育行政部门.一般媒体通常提供低成本的数据来源.免费的来源往往是非正式的,如客户,银行家,供应商,和朋友.高价位的来源可能包括市场研究提供的外部顾问.管理人员还可以访问有价值的信息,新闻报导,财务数据,以及行业调查,利用他们的电脑,并签署电子新闻服务.订阅这些服务可以是相当昂贵的,但是,一些用户发现的非常具体的指示,需要调用的信息,他们希望困难

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