帮我把一段英语翻译成中文2. Crack Formation and Crack ControlCrack formation refers to the incidence of any narrow, irregular opening of indefinite dimensions resulting from shrinkage, flexural or direct tension stresses, or internal expan

帮我把一段英语翻译成中文2. Crack Formation and Crack ControlCrack formation refers to the incidence of any narrow, irregular opening of indefinite dimensions resulting from shrinkage, flexural or direct tension stresses, or internal expan
帮我把一段英语翻译成中文
2. Crack Formation and Crack Control
Crack formation refers to the incidence of any narrow, irregular opening of indefinite dimensions resulting from shrinkage, flexural or direct tension stresses, or internal expansion resulting from the products of corrosion or deleterious
aggregates. The incidence of flexural and direct tension cracking that occurs at various stages is defined in relation to the stresses in the reinforcement at the cracked section (Reis et al. 1964). Since steel has a constant Young’s modulus (at service load levels) regardless of grade, this approach is possibly better described with respect to steel strain, rather than stress. The following brief description of load-induced cracking in a tension zone is based on that reported by Reis et al.
The first stage of cracking is concerned with those cracks produced by shrinkage, corrosive effects, and low flexural loads in which the measured steel strain is well below es = 0.0005 [fs & 100 MPa (14 ksi)]. Cracks of this type are referred to as primary cracks. The second stage of cracking is concerned with those cracks that result from the difference in inextensibility between the concrete and steel,
and the bonding forces that exist between the two. Cracks formed by this mechanism are referred to as secondary cracks. Secondary crack formation is usually studied by examining the portion of the beam between two adjacent primary cracks or by analyzing the model of an axially loaded reinforced concrete prism in tension (as is done in this study). The steel strains during the second stage of cracking are usually greater than 0.0005. There is considerable disagreement among the theories of secondary cracking concerning the significance of the variables involved, especially the nature of the bond stress distribution along the reinforcement between adjacent primary cracks. The third stage of cracking, also referred to as the equilibrium stage, occurs when no further secondary cracks can be formed, and existing cracks continue to widen. The steel strain is usually greater than 0.001 [fs & 200 MPa (30 ksi)] at this stage of cracking. Although the initiation of primary
cracks is important, the main concern of this research is with the distribution of second and third stage cracks, which occur at higher steel stresses.

帮我把一段英语翻译成中文2. Crack Formation and Crack ControlCrack formation refers to the incidence of any narrow, irregular opening of indefinite dimensions resulting from shrinkage, flexural or direct tension stresses, or internal expan
2.Crack Formation and Crack Control裂纹形成和裂纹控制
Crack formation refers to the incidence of any narrow,irregular opening of indefinite dimensions resulting from shrinkage,flexural or direct tension stresses,or internal expansion resulting from the products of corrosion or deleterious aggregates.裂纹形成指的是任何狭窄,不规则的尺寸大小不定的开口.开口成因或者是来自于收缩,弯曲的或直接的压力,或者是产品腐蚀或者有害的聚合物.
The incidence of flexural and direct tension cracking that occurs at various stages is defined in relation to the stresses in the reinforcement at the cracked section (Reis et al.1964).弯曲或者直接压力造成裂缝发展的不同阶段是根据裂纹发生部分压力增强相比较而言的（里斯等人1964）.Since steel has a constant Young’s modulus (at service load levels) regardless of grade,this approach is possibly better described with respect to steel strain,rather than stress.因为各种等级的钢都有恒定不变的杨氏常量(处于不同的服务负荷水平),这种研究方法可能通过钢材所受的张力而不是压力才能进行更好地描述.
The following brief description of load-induced cracking in a tension zone is based on that reported by Reis et al.下面关于拉力受力区域由于负荷过重产生的裂纹的简单描述是基于里斯等人的报告.
The first stage of cracking is concerned with those cracks produced by shrinkage,corrosive effects,and low flexural loads in which the measured steel strain is well below es = 0.0005 [fs & 100 MPa (14 ksi)].Cracks of this type are referred to as primary cracks.The second stage of cracking is concerned with those cracks that result from the difference in inextensibility between the concrete and steel,and the bonding forces that exist between the two.Cracks formed by this mechanism are referred to as secondary cracks.裂纹的第一阶段与因为收缩,腐蚀作用和低度弯曲载荷造成的各种裂纹有关,在这一阶段测得的钢材所受张力远低于es=0.0005 [fs & 100 MPa (14 ksi)].这种裂纹被称为初级裂纹.第二阶段的裂纹与来自于混凝土和钢材之间的非延展性以及粘合力差别导致的裂纹有关.在这种机制下行程单各种裂纹被称为二级裂纹.
Secondary crack formation is usually studied by examining the portion of the beam between two adjacent primary cracks or by analyzing the model of an axially loaded reinforced concrete prism in tension (as is done in this study).
二级裂纹的形成通常是通过检验两个相近的初级裂纹之间的横梁部分来进行研究,也可以通过分析承受拉力的轴心负压的混凝土棱柱模型来进行研究（就像在这个研究中进行的那样）
The steel strains during the second stage of cracking are usually greater than 0.0005.There is considerable disagreement among the theories of secondary cracking concerning the significance of the variables involved,especially the nature of the bond stress distribution along the reinforcement between adjacent primary cracks.在裂纹的第二阶段钢材所受的各种压力通常强度都大于0.0005.关于各个变量重要性的各派二级裂纹理论之间存在很大的差异,尤其是相邻初级裂纹之间增强部位凝结力的分布本质的讨论差异更多.
The third stage of cracking,also referred to as the equilibrium stage,occurs when no further secondary cracks can be formed,and existing cracks continue to widen.The steel strain is usually greater than 0.001 [fs & 200 MPa (30 ksi)] at this stage of cracking.
第三阶段的裂纹,也被称为平衡阶段.在此阶段,二级裂纹已经不能继续形成,而现存的裂纹继续扩大.在此阶段,钢材所受压力通常大于0.001[fs & 200 MPa (30 ksi)] .
Although the initiation of primary cracks is important,the main concern of this research is with the distribution of second and third stage cracks,which occur at higher steel stresses.
尽管初级裂纹的发生非常重要,这次研究的主要焦点是第二阶段和第三阶段的裂纹分布问题,而第二阶段和第三阶段的裂纹是在较大的钢材压力下发生的.
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2. Crack Formation and Crack Control
2。裂纹形成和裂纹的控制
Crack formation refers to the incidence of any narrow, irregular opening of indefinite dimensions resulting from shrinkage, flexural or direct...

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2. Crack Formation and Crack Control
2。裂纹形成和裂纹的控制
Crack formation refers to the incidence of any narrow, irregular opening of indefinite dimensions resulting from shrinkage, flexural or direct tension stresses, or internal expansion resulting from the products of corrosion or deleterious
裂纹的形成是指任何狭窄的发生率，不定尺寸收缩引起的弯曲或不规则开口，直接拉应力，或内部扩展从腐蚀的或有害的产品所产生的
aggregates. The incidence of flexural and direct tension cracking that occurs at various stages is defined in relation to the stresses in the reinforcement at the cracked section (Reis et al. 1964). Since steel has a constant Young’s modulus (at service load levels) regardless of grade, this approach is possibly better described with respect to steel strain, rather than stress. The following brief description of load-induced cracking in a tension zone is based on that reported by Reis et al.
骨料。发生在不同阶段的弯曲和直接拉伸开裂的发生率与应力的钢筋开裂截面定义（里斯等人。1964。由于钢具有恒定的杨氏模量（服务的负荷水平）不分等级，这种方法可能是更好的描述相对于钢筋的应变，而不是压力。以下简要说明在负载诱导受拉区开裂的基础上，由里斯等人报告。
The first stage of cracking is concerned with those cracks produced by shrinkage, corrosive effects, and low flexural loads in which the measured steel strain is well below es = 0.0005 [fs & 100 MPa (14 ksi)]. Cracks of this type are referred to as primary cracks. The second stage of cracking is concerned with those cracks that result from the difference in inextensibility between the concrete and steel,
开裂的第一阶段关注的是那些产生的收缩裂缝，腐蚀作用，和较低的弯曲载荷，测量钢筋的应变是远低于ES = 0.0005 [ FS和100兆帕（14 ksi）]。这种类型的裂缝被称为主要的裂缝。开裂的第二阶段关注的是那些裂缝，造成混凝土和钢之间的差异在可展开的，
and the bonding forces that exist between the two. Cracks formed by this mechanism are referred to as secondary cracks. Secondary crack formation is usually studied by examining the portion of the beam between two adjacent primary cracks or by analyzing the model of an axially loaded reinforced concrete prism in tension (as is done in this study). The steel strains during the second stage of cracking are usually greater than 0.0005. There is considerable disagreement among the theories of secondary cracking concerning the significance of the variables involved, especially the nature of the bond stress distribution along the reinforcement between adjacent primary cracks. The third stage of cracking, also referred to as the equilibrium stage, occurs when no further secondary cracks can be formed, and existing cracks continue to widen. The steel strain is usually greater than 0.001 [fs & 200 MPa (30 ksi)] at this stage of cracking. Although the initiation of primary
和粘结力之间的两个存在。通过这种机制形成的裂缝被称为二次裂纹。二次裂纹的形成通常是通过检查梁的部分相邻的两个主要裂缝之间或通过一个钢筋混凝土轴心受压柱的张力模型研究（如是本研究要做）。第二阶段的开裂时钢筋应变通常大于0.0005。有相当大的分歧，二次裂解有关所涉及的变量的意义理论中，尤其是粘结应力分布沿筋相邻主裂纹之间的性质。第三阶段的开裂，也被称为平衡阶段，发生时，没有进一步的二次裂纹可以形成，和现有的裂纹继续扩大。钢筋应变通常是大于0.001 [ FS和200兆帕（30 ksi）]在这个阶段的开裂。虽然原发性启蒙
cracks is important, the main concern of this research is with the distribution of second and third stage cracks, which occur at higher steel stresses.
裂缝是很重要的，本研究主要关注的是第二和第三阶段裂缝的分布，发生在较高的钢应力。

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