英语翻译In this analysis we use average costs largely derivedfrom aggregate data.While our estimates lack the precision of a more specificcase study,these estimates provide an overall sense of the magnitude ofvarious types of external costs gener

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英语翻译In this analysis we use average costs largely derivedfrom aggregate data.While our estimates lack the precision of a more specificcase study,these estimates provide an overall sense of the magnitude ofvarious types of external costs gener

英语翻译In this analysis we use average costs largely derivedfrom aggregate data.While our estimates lack the precision of a more specificcase study,these estimates provide an overall sense of the magnitude ofvarious types of external costs gener
英语翻译
In this analysis we use average costs largely derivedfrom aggregate data.While our estimates lack the precision of a more specificcase study,these estimates provide an overall sense of the magnitude ofvarious types of external costs generated by freight rail and trucks relativeto average private costs nationally.If public policies were formulated tointernalize these external costs in an aggregate sense,some carriers of eithermode would overpay,while others would underpay.The amount of overpayment orunderpayment would depend on the difference between average costs in theaggregate and the marginal costs in a particular circumstance.
In short,unless one is able to accurately estimate themarginal social costs of each unit of transportation (e.g.,each ton-mile) inwidely varying circumstances,two choices are possible.One is to ignoreexternal costs and estimate user charges and taxes solely on the basis ofpublic facility use or other services provided by the public sector; the otheris to add some uniform charge to reflect external costs and accept a degree ofcross-subsidization within each transportation mode.The analysis in thisarticle tends toward the second option and develops conservative estimates ofaverage costs in rural areas where the variation in such costs is likely to bemuch less than is the case among different metropolitan areas.

英语翻译In this analysis we use average costs largely derivedfrom aggregate data.While our estimates lack the precision of a more specificcase study,these estimates provide an overall sense of the magnitude ofvarious types of external costs gener
在本文的分析中我们使用平均成本在很大程度上是由聚合数据.虽然我们的估计缺乏一个更specificcase研究精度,这些估计提供了一个整体的意义的幅度、各种类型的外部成本的产生和卡车货运铁路与全国平均的私人成本.如果公共政策的制定tointernalize这些外部成本在总的意义上,一些运营商的eithermode会多付,而其他人会付.orunderpayment多付的金额将取决于组合的平均成本和在特定环境下的边际成本之间的差额.总之,除非你能准确地估计每单位运输边际社会成本(例如,每吨英里)inwidely不同的情况下,两种选择都是可能的.一是ignoreexternal成本和估计用户收费和税收仅仅依据公共设施的使用或其他服务由公共部门提供;二是反映外部成本和在每个运输方式的接受程度不同方向的资助加一些均匀电荷.在本文的分析倾向于第二种选择和发展的保守估计的平均成本在农村地区,这种成本的变化可能比小于不同城市之间的情况下.

在这个分析我们使用平均成本主要缘起于聚合数据。虽然我们的估计精度的缺乏更specificcase研究,这些估计提供一个整体意义上的星等各种类型的外部成本产生的货运铁路和卡车relativeto平均私人成本在全国范围内。如果公共政策制定tointernalize这些外部成本在总体意义上,一些航空公司的eithermode会高估,而其他人将付给。多orunderpayment的数量将取决于平均成本之间...

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在这个分析我们使用平均成本主要缘起于聚合数据。虽然我们的估计精度的缺乏更specificcase研究,这些估计提供一个整体意义上的星等各种类型的外部成本产生的货运铁路和卡车relativeto平均私人成本在全国范围内。如果公共政策制定tointernalize这些外部成本在总体意义上,一些航空公司的eithermode会高估,而其他人将付给。多orunderpayment的数量将取决于平均成本之间的差异在theaggregate和边际成本在一个特定的环境。简言之,除非有人能够准确地估计themarginal社会成本每单位运输(如。,每吨英里)inwidely不同情况下,两种选择都有可能。一个是ignoreexternal成本和估计用户费用、税金仅根据ofpublic设施使用或其他公共部门提供的服务;中央美院添加一些均匀电荷以反映外部成本和接受程度ofcross-subsidization在每个运输模式。在本文的分析趋向于第二个选择和发展ofaverage保守估计成本变化的农村地区在这样成本很可能bemuch不到的情况在不同的大都市地区。

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在这种分析中,我们使用平均成本在很大程度上derivedfrom汇总数据。虽然我们的估计缺乏的精度更的specificcase研究,这些估计提供的货运铁路和卡车relativeto平均全国私人成本所产生的外部成本的幅度ofvarious类型的整体感觉。如果公共政策的制定tointernalize总感觉这些外部成本,一些eithermode携带者会过高,而别人会克扣。量多缴orunderpaymen...

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在这种分析中,我们使用平均成本在很大程度上derivedfrom汇总数据。虽然我们的估计缺乏的精度更的specificcase研究,这些估计提供的货运铁路和卡车relativeto平均全国私人成本所产生的外部成本的幅度ofvarious类型的整体感觉。如果公共政策的制定tointernalize总感觉这些外部成本,一些eithermode携带者会过高,而别人会克扣。量多缴orunderpayment会取决于平均成本在theaggregate和在特定情况下的边际成本之间的差异。
总之,除非一个是准确地估计themarginal社会的每单位运输成本(例如,每生产一吨英里) inwidely不同情况下,两种选择都是可能的。其一是成本ignoreexternal,估计仅的基础上ofpublic的设施使用或由公共部门提供的其他服务的用户收费和税收,,添加一些otheris统一的价格,以反映外部成本和各种运输方式接受程度内ofcross补贴。中的分析thisarticle倾向于第二个选项并开发保守的估计ofaverage成本在农村地区,在这种成本的变化很可能小于bemuch的情况下在不同的大都市地区。
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